The annual change in a company's policyholders' surplus derived from operating earnings, investment gains, net contributed capital and other miscellaneous sources.

Professional designation earned after the successful completion of 10 national examinations given by the American Institute for Property and Liability Underwriters. Covers such areas of expertise as insurance, risk management, economics, finance, management, accounting, and law. Three years of work experience are also required in the insurance business or a related area.

The demand for benefits as provided by the policy .

This test measures exposure to non-investment grade bonds as a percentage of surplus. Generally, non-investment grade bonds carry higher default and illiquidity risks. The designation of quality classifications that coincide with different bond ratings assigned by major credit rating agencies.

The sum of the Loss Ratio, Expense Ratio and the Policyholder Dividend Ratio. This ratio measures the company's overall underwriting profitability. This ratio does not reflect investment income or income taxes. A combined ratio of less than 100 indicates the company has reported an underwriting profit.

This item represents the aggregate of various reserves which, for technical reasons, are treated by companies as liabilities. Such reserves, which are similar to free resources or surplus, include unauthorized reinsurance, excess of statutory loss reserves over statement reserves, dividends to policyholders undeclared and other similar reserves established voluntarily or in compliance with statutory regulations.